Potential Side Effects and Complications of Non Absorbable Sutures Left Permanently Inside the Human Body

1. Foreign Body Reaction

   Definition: A foreign body reaction occurs when the immune system recognizes the suture material as a foreign substance and initiates an inflammatory response.

   Symptoms:

   • Localized swelling, redness, or warmth at the suture site.
   • Formation of granulomas (small nodules of immune cells) around the suture.
   • Chronic inflammation or discomfort.
   • Delayed wound healing.

   Mechanism: The body attempts to isolate the foreign material by surrounding it with immune cells, such as macrophages and giant cells.

2. Infection Risk

   Permanent sutures can act as a nidus for infection, especially if bacteria colonize the suture material.

   Symptoms: Pus, increased pain, fever, or systemic signs of infection.

3. Suture Extrusion or Spitting

   In some cases, the body may reject the suture, causing it to migrate to the surface and extrude through the skin.

   This is more common in areas with thin skin or high tension.

4. Scarring

   Permanent sutures can lead to more pronounced scarring, especially if there is a foreign body reaction or infection.

5. Chronic Pain or Discomfort

   Some patients may experience long-term discomfort or pain at the suture site due to inflammation or nerve irritation.

6. Allergic Reaction

   Although rare, some individuals may have an allergic reaction to polypropylene or other components of the suture material.

   Symptoms: Itching, rash, or severe inflammation.

7. Sinus Tract Formation

   A sinus tract (a small channel leading from the suture to the skin surface) can form if the body tries to expel the suture material.

   This can lead to recurrent drainage or infection.